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Low gestational vitamin D level and childhood asthma are related to impaired lung function in high-risk children. Knihtilä HM, Stubbs BJ, Carey VJ, Laranjo N, Chu SH, Kelly RS, et al. Possible role of vitamin D in COVID-19 infection in pediatric population. Panfili FM, Roversi M, D’Argenio P, Rossi P, Cappa M, Fintini D. The immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D drops in children with recurrent respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D during pregnancy and maternal, neonatal and infant health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. This review summarizes the prevalence of VDD in breastfed infants, vitamin D content of breast milk, and current guidelines for vitamin D supplementation of lactating mothers and infants to prevent VDD in breastfed infants. However, domestic studies on the status and guidelines for vitamin D in breastfed infants are insufficient. Most international guidelines recommend that exclusively or partially breastfed infants be supplemented with 400 IU/day of vitamin D during their first year of life. The recommended dose for vitamin D supplementation in breastfed infants according to various societies and organizations worldwide is 200-1,200 IU/day. Direct infant supplementation is the currently available option to support vitamin D status in breastfed infants. However, concern persists about the safety of maternal high-dose vitamin D supplementation. Some studies have suggested that maternal high-dose vitamin D supplementation (up to 6,400 IU/day) can be used as an alternate strategy to direct infant supplementation. The recommended intake of vitamin D for lactating mothers to optimize their overall vitamin D status and, consequently, of their breast milk is 200-2,000 IU/day, indicating a lack of consensus. The prevalence of VDD in breastfed infants differs vastly between studies and nations at 0.6%-91.1%. Breastfed infants are particularly vulnerable to VDD because of the low vitamin D content of breast milk, restricted sunlight exposure, increased pollution, and limited natural dietary sources of vitamin D. The recent re-emergence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and rickets among breastfed infants without adequate sunlight exposure and vitamin D supplementation has been reported worldwide.